These animations illustrate several key elements of plate tectonics and show examples of how Earth's tectonic plates have moved over time. Watch Pangea split apart and form the modern continents, see mountains form in western North America and watch India collide with Asia. Animations created by Christopher R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project/Northwestern University, and Ben A. van der Pluijm, University of Michigan. Read more about plate tectonics here: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/

VOLCANO FORMATION (Volcanology) INTRODUCTION Volcanology is the scientific study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock (magma), gases, and ash escape from beneath the surface. FORMATION OF VOLCANOES 1. HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE MANTLE: Deep within the Earth, high temperatures and pressures cause rocks to melt, forming magma in the mantle. 2. MAGMA MOVEMENT: Because magma is less dense than the surroundin