Atheism has deep historical roots in Hindu philosophy, primarily through the ancient materialist school of Charvaka (or Lokayata), which emerged around 600 BCE as a direct challenge to Vedic ritualism. Charvaka is recognized as a nastika (heterodox) school that rejects the existence of God, the afterlife, the soul, and karma, promoting instead a philosophy based on empirical evidence and direct perception. “ऋणं कृत्वा घृतं पिबेत्, यावज्जीवेत् सुखं जीवेत्।” “Ṛṇaṁ kṛtvā ghṛtaṁ pibet, yāvajjīvet su

The Four Quadrants: A Map of All Knowledge and Human Experience ________________ The Four Quadrants model developed by Ken Wilber is an exceptional map of knowledge and of the human experience. It gives us a language for understanding differing fields of knowledge and why they are approaching the problems that they are and in the way that they are. The Four Quadrants model was developed by Ken Wilber in his book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality and for him it is a map of the Kosmos (that is to say, of

Materialism is the theory that only the physical is real, such that consciousness must be entirely a product of the brain. Materialism is counting on neuroscience to explain consciousness eventually, though this expectation is challenged because mental states seem so radically distinct from brain states. What are the arguments for and against Materialism (like the ‘hard problem’?). Galen John Strawson is a British analytic philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind