According to preliminary estimates, Ukraine’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 1.8% in 2025 compared with 2024. — Ukrinform.
Plan sponsors are able to dispute a PBM’s plan if it’s not reasonable or relevant, directly through CMS. Should PBMs refuse to provide 100% pass-through, the contract will no longer be reasonable.
Pretax earnings refer to a company's income after all expenses have been deducted from total sales, but before income taxes have been subtracted.