Graphical models provide a robust framework for representing the conditional independence structure between variables through networks, enabling nuanced insight into complex high-dimensional data.

The estimation of portfolio value-at-risk (VaR) requires a good estimate of the covariance matrix. As it is well known that a sample covariance matrix based on some historical rolling window is noisy ...

Each estimation method is based on finding parameter estimates that minimize a badness-of-fit function that measures the difference between the observed sample covariance matrix and the predicted ...