Invar tools, such as these massive wingskin tools shown here, exemplify the most durable of metal tools — a category sometimes called hard tooling. Although relatively heavy and expensive, metal molds ...

Deformation processes transform solid materials from one shape into another. The initial shape is usually simple (e.g., a billet or sheet blank) and is plastically deformed between tools, or dies, to ...

As chipmakers ramp up the next wave of processes and grapple with how to reduce defect levels, they are encountering problems from an unlikely source—components inside of the fab equipment. Defects ...